Assertion (A): The process of breathing is also called pulmonary ventilation. Reason (R): It involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs. MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic theory (1961), explaining that a proton gradient across a membrane drives ATP synthesis. Krebs discovered the citric acid cycle, Calvin the Calvin cycle, Lipmann discovered coenzyme A.

Explanation:
Transitional epithelium (urothelium) is stratified, with cells that can change shape from cuboidal to squamous when the bladder distends. It lines the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra. Squamous is flat, cuboidal cube-shaped, columnar tall.

Explanation:
Grazing food chain begins with producers (plants). Decomposers break down dead matter at all levels; energy decreases at higher levels; producers are plants/algae.