η = 1 - T₂/T₁: depends only on absolute temperatures, independent of working fluid or design. Universal maximum efficiency limit. Memory tip: 'Carnot: only T_hot and T_cold matter; real engines less efficient'. Thermodynamics concept frequently tested in competitive exams.
Explanation:
Gamma rays (photons) have highest penetration, stopped by thick lead/concrete. Alpha least (paper/skin). Beta intermediate (aluminium). Neutrons also penetrating but not listed. Gamma has no charge.
Explanation:
For uniform acceleration starting from rest, the displacement equation is s = ½at². Since displacement 's' is proportional to the square of time (t²), the displacement-time graph is a parabola curving upwards. A straight horizontal line on a v-t graph means constant velocity (zero acceleration).
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