Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is widely used as a: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes. It oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO₂, producing NADH, FADH₂, and GTP. The inner membrane houses the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm, the Calvin cycle in chloroplast stroma. The matrix contains the necessary soluble enzymes.

Explanation:
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, photolysis of water occurs at photosystem II, splitting water into protons, electrons, and molecular oxygen. The oxygen comes from water, not CO₂. This was demonstrated by using isotopically labeled oxygen (H₂O¹⁸). Glucose is formed in the Calvin cycle. Chlorophyll absorbs light but does not provide oxygen. The overall equation: 6CO₂ + 12H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O.

Explanation:
DNA sequencing determines the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA fragment. Sanger's dideoxy chain-termination method and next-generation sequencing are common. PCR amplifies DNA, gel electrophoresis separates by size, Southern blotting detects specific sequences. Sequencing is fundamental in genomics.