Beriberi is due to thiamine (B₁) deficiency. It presents as two forms: wet beriberi (cardiovascular) and dry beriberi (neurological). Thiamine is a coenzyme (TPP) in decarboxylation reactions. Common in populations consuming polished rice. Riboflavin deficiency causes cheilosis, pyridoxine deficiency causes peripheral neuropathy and anemia, B₁₂ deficiency causes pernicious anemia.
Explanation:
Vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) is required for DNA synthesis and RBC maturation. Deficiency causes pernicious anemia. It also maintains myelin sheath.
Explanation:
Progesterone stimulates the development of alveolar tissue of the breasts during pregnancy. Estrogen promotes duct development. Prolactin initiates milk synthesis, oxytocin ejection.
Consider the following statements about the pancreas:
1. It has both endocrine and exocrine functions.
2. Alpha cells secrete insulin.
3. Beta cells secrete glucagon.
Which of the above is/are correct?
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