Mendel's law of segregation is based on the separation of: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Graves' disease is an autoimmune condition where the immune system produces thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs). These autoantibodies bind to and mimic the action of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) on the TSH receptors of the thyroid gland. This continuous, unregulated stimulation causes the thyroid to overproduce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), leading to hyperthyroidism, goiter, and often exophthalmos (bulging eyes).

Explanation:
The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2) and M phase. DNA synthesis or replication occurs during the S (synthesis) phase, resulting in each chromosome having two sister chromatids. G1 is for cell growth and RNA/protein synthesis; G2 is for preparation for mitosis. M phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis. Accurate DNA replication in S phase is crucial for genetic continuity.

Explanation:
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1670s) constructed high-quality single-lens microscopes and was the first to observe bacteria, protozoa, sperm cells, and red blood cells, describing them as 'animalcules'. Hooke observed cells in cork. Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation, Lister introduced antiseptic surgery. Leeuwenhoek's pioneering work laid the foundation for microbiology.