The concept of half-life applies to: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Ernest Rutherford is generally credited with the discovery of the proton in 1919 through the nuclear reaction: ¹⁴N + α particle → ¹⁷O + proton. Eugen Goldstein earlier observed canal rays (positive rays) which were later identified as protons by Rutherford. Thomson discovered electron, Chadwick neutron. So Rutherford is the accepted discoverer.

Explanation:
Boron trifluoride (BF₃) has covalent bonds where boron shares three electrons with three fluorine atoms. Although BF₃ can accept a lone pair to form coordinate bonds (as in BF₄⁻), its own bonds are polar covalent. Ionic bonding occurs between metal and non-metal.

Explanation:
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (same atomic number, same number of protons) but different mass numbers due to varying number of neutrons. For example, ¹²C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C. Their chemical properties are similar but physical properties (mass, density, rate of diffusion) differ. Isobars have same mass number but different atomic numbers.