Pellagra is characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and if untreated, death (the four Ds). It results from deficiency of niacin (vitamin B₃) or its precursor tryptophan. Scurvy is vitamin C deficiency, rickets vitamin D, beriberi vitamin B₁ (thiamine). Niacin is a component of coenzymes NAD and NADP, essential in redox reactions. Pellagra historically common in corn-based diets.
Explanation:
The Calvin cycle (C3 cycle) occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts, where CO₂ is fixed into sugars using ATP and NADPH from light reactions. Thylakoid membrane is the site of light reactions.
Explanation:
Vitamin E is a group of tocopherols and tocotrienols, acting as fat-soluble antioxidants. They protect cell membranes from oxidative damage. Deficiency is rare but can cause hemolytic anemia and neurological problems.
Explanation:
Phagocytosis ('cell eating') is the engulfment of large particles or microbes by the cell membrane forming a phagosome. Pinocytosis is 'cell drinking' of liquids. Exocytosis is secretion.
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