Pellagra is characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and if untreated, death (the four Ds). It results from deficiency of niacin (vitamin B₃) or its precursor tryptophan. Scurvy is vitamin C deficiency, rickets vitamin D, beriberi vitamin B₁ (thiamine). Niacin is a component of coenzymes NAD and NADP, essential in redox reactions. Pellagra historically common in corn-based diets.
Explanation:
NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme derived from vitamin B₃, serving as an electron carrier in redox reactions. Pepsin is an enzyme, collagen a structural protein, hemoglobin a transport protein. Coenzymes are organic non-protein molecules that assist enzymes.
Explanation:
Biotin (vitamin B₇) is a coenzyme for carboxylases, e.g., pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase. It is involved in gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis. Deficiency is rare but can occur with raw egg white consumption.
Explanation:
Chagas disease is caused by T. cruzi, transmitted by triatomine bugs. Sleeping sickness is T. brucei, malaria Plasmodium, leishmaniasis Leishmania.
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