The 'Foramen of Panizza' is a small opening found in the heart of which animal, allowing blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit? MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
The lac operon in E. coli is a classic example of an inducible operon. It is normally 'off' (repressed) because the lac repressor protein, produced by the 'i' gene, binds to the operator, preventing transcription of the structural genes (z, y, a) needed for lactose metabolism. However, when lactose is present in the environment, it is converted to allolactose, which acts as an inducer. Allolactose binds to the repressor, changing its shape and preventing it from binding to the operator, thus 'inducing' or allowing transcription to occur.

Explanation:
The Calvin cycle (C3 cycle) consists of three phases: carboxylation (fixation of CO₂ by RuBisCO to 3-PGA), reduction (conversion of 3-PGA to G3P using ATP and NADPH), and regeneration (regeneration of RuBP). This cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts and is the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis.

Explanation:
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, typically transmitted through contaminated water. Polio (poliomyelitis) is a highly infectious viral disease caused by the poliovirus, which can lead to paralysis. Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. All three statements are correct.