The pigment that is essential for vision in low light is: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Vascular cryptogams are plants that possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) but reproduce via spores rather than seeds. Pteridophytes, such as Selaginella (spike moss), ferns, and Equisetum, fit this description. Funaria and Marchantia are bryophytes (non-vascular cryptogams), and Pinus is a gymnosperm (a vascular phanerogam or seed-producing plant).

Explanation:
The vertebral column (spine) consists of vertebrae stacked to form a canal that encloses and protects the spinal cord. The skull protects the brain, rib cage the thoracic organs, pelvis the pelvic organs.

Explanation:
Geotropism (gravitropism) is directional growth in response to gravity; roots show positive geotropism (downward), shoots negative (upward). Phototropism is light-directed, thigmotropism touch, hydrotropism water.