The 'Red Data Book' is a document maintained by the IUCN that provides information about: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Molecular cloning involves inserting a DNA fragment into a vector (e.g., plasmid), which is then taken up by host cells (e.g., E. coli). As the bacteria replicate, they produce many copies of the inserted DNA, creating a gene library. PCR amplifies without vectors, sequencing reads bases, microarrays analyze expression.

Explanation:
The bottleneck effect is a form of genetic drift that occurs when a population's size is drastically reduced for at least one generation due to a severe environmental event (like a natural disaster, disease, or overhunting). The surviving population is a random, small sample of the original, and its gene pool may not represent the original population's genetic diversity. This leads to a significant loss of genetic variation, making the population more vulnerable to future changes.

Explanation:
Fertilization is the union of a haploid sperm and a haploid ovum to form a diploid zygote. Pollination is pollen transfer in plants, implantation is embryo embedding in uterine wall, cleavage early mitotic divisions.