The specific gravity of normal urine is approximately:
A. 1.015-1.030
B. 1.050-1.100
C. 1.000
D. 0.800-0.900
Answer: Option A
Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)
Urine specific gravity, a measure of solute concentration, normally ranges from 1.015 to 1.030. It varies with hydration status: low when dilute (after drinking), high when concentrated (dehydration). Diabetes insipidus shows low SG, diabetes mellitus may show high due to glucose.
Explanation:
The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is a specialized structure where the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) comes into contact with the afferent arteriole. It consists of juxtaglomerular cells (modified smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole that secrete renin), macula densa cells (modified DCT cells that sense NaCl concentration), and extraglomerular mesangial cells. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Explanation:
Osmosis is the net diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of low solute (high water potential) to high solute (low water potential).
Explanation:
Folic acid (vitamin B₉) is crucial for DNA synthesis and cell division; its deficiency during early pregnancy increases the risk of neural tube defects like spina bifida. Many countries fortify flour with folic acid. Vitamin A is for vision, C for collagen, D for calcium. Women of childbearing age are advised to take supplements.
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