Which of the following is an example of a mutualistic symbiosis?
A. Barnacles on whale skin
B. Mosquito sucking blood
C. Tapeworm in human gut
D. Lichen (algae and fungus)
Answer: Option D
Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)
Lichens are a mutualistic association between an alga (or cyanobacterium) and a fungus. The alga photosynthesizes, providing food; the fungus provides shelter, water, and minerals. Both benefit. Tapeworm is parasitism, barnacles on whales commensalism (or sometimes parasitism depending on effect), mosquito blood-sucking is parasitism.
Explanation:
Proteomics involves large-scale study of proteins, their structures, and functions. Genomics is DNA, transcriptomics RNA, metabolomics metabolites.
Explanation:
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification of drugs and poisons (via cytochrome P450 enzymes). Rough ER synthesizes proteins. Golgi modifies/packages. Lysosomes digest. Liver cells have abundant SER. SER also sequesters Ca²⁺ ions in muscle cells (sarcoplasmic reticulum).
Explanation:
Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from the DNA template strand by RNA polymerase. It occurs in the nucleus (eukaryotes). Replication is DNA duplication. Translation is protein synthesis from mRNA. Transformation is the uptake of foreign DNA by bacteria. The central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein. Transcription produces mRNA, tRNA, rRNA. The mRNA carries the codon sequence for protein assembly.
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