Equipotential: ΔV = 0 ⇒ W = qΔV = 0. Electric field perpendicular to equipotentials. Memory aid: 'Equipotential: no work to move charge along it'. Electrostatics concept frequently tested in competitive exams.
Explanation:
For spherical mirrors (concave or convex), focal length f = R/2, where R is radius of curvature. This holds under paraxial approximation (small angles). Derivation uses geometry of reflection and small-angle approximations. Memory tip: 'Mirror: f = R/2; Lens: 1/f = (n-1)(1/R₁ - 1/R₂)'. This fundamental relation is frequently tested in optics sections of competitive exams. Always note sign conventions: f negative for convex mirrors, positive for concave; R follows same sign as f.
Explanation:
The pitch of a sound is a subjective sensation that is determined primarily by the frequency of the sound wave. Higher frequency waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds (like a whistle), while lower frequency waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds (like a bass drum). Amplitude determines the loudness of the sound.
Explanation:
Fission: heavy nucleus (e.g., U-235) splits into smaller nuclei plus neutrons and energy. Fusion: light nuclei combine (e.g., hydrogen to helium). Both release energy. Fission used in reactors and bombs.
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