Assertion (A): The pancreas is a mixed gland. Reason (R): It has exocrine acini secreting enzymes and endocrine islets secreting hormones. MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Erythropoietin (EPO), mainly from kidneys, promotes erythropoiesis in bone marrow. Thrombopoietin stimulates platelets, interleukins are immune cytokines, CSFs for white blood cells. EPO is used to treat anemia.

Explanation:
The soft palate, including the uvula, elevates during swallowing to close off the nasopharynx, preventing food from entering the nasal passages. The epiglottis closes the larynx, the tongue pushes food.

Explanation:
Riboflavin (vitamin B₂) is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are electron carriers in redox reactions. Thiamine is TPP, niacin NAD/NADP, pantothenic acid CoA.