Approximately 97% of O₂ is transported bound to hemoglobin (as oxyhemoglobin), while only 3% is dissolved in plasma. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind four O₂ molecules cooperatively. CO₂ is mainly transported as bicarbonate (70%), carbaminohemoglobin (23%), and dissolved (7%). The affinity of hemoglobin for O₂ is influenced by pH, CO₂, and temperature (Bohr effect).
Explanation:
Lactase hydrolyzes lactose (milk sugar) into glucose and galactose. Lactose intolerance is due to lactase deficiency. Sucrase acts on sucrose, maltase on maltose.
Explanation:
Cotyledons are seed leaves that store food (starch, proteins, lipids) for the developing embryo and may become photosynthetic after germination. Monocots have one, dicots two. Radicle is root, plumule shoot, seed coat protects.
Explanation:
Phloem is composed of sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibers. Sieve tubes are living cells that transport organic solutes; companion cells assist in loading and unloading. Tracheids and vessels are xylem elements. Fibers and sclereids are sclerenchyma cells. Guard cells regulate stomatal movement.
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