The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in the kidney is formed by the modification of cells in the: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Question
The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in the kidney is formed by the modification of cells in the:
A. Proximal convoluted tubule and descending limb of Henle
B. Distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole
C. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
D. Collecting duct and efferent arteriole
Answer: Option B
Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)
The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is a specialized structure where the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) comes into contact with the afferent arteriole. It consists of juxtaglomerular cells (modified smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole that secrete renin), macula densa cells (modified DCT cells that sense NaCl concentration), and extraglomerular mesangial cells. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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Question #1
The vitamin deficiency that leads to megaloblastic anemia is:
A. Vitamin A and K
B. Vitamin B₉ and B₁₂
C. Vitamin C and E
D. Vitamin B₁ and B₂
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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
Folate (B₉) and vitamin B₁₂ are required for DNA synthesis. Deficiency leads to impaired cell division in bone marrow, producing large, immature erythrocytes (megaloblasts), causing megaloblastic anemia. Iron deficiency causes microcytic anemia.
This question belongs to: Science Biology
Question #2
The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells is:
A. Insulin
B. Erythropoietin
C. Aldosterone
D. Thrombopoietin
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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
Erythropoietin (EPO), produced mainly by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels, stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. Insulin regulates glucose, thrombopoietin stimulates platelet production, aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium balance.
This question belongs to: Science Biology
Question #3
Assertion (A): Human blood is a connective tissue. Reason (R): Blood cells are embedded in a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma.
A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.
C. A false, R true.
D. A true, R false.
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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
Blood is classified as a specialized connective tissue because it has cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma) and connects different body parts by transporting substances. Connective tissues have cells separated by extracellular matrix. Thus, the reason correctly justifies the assertion. Bone, cartilage, lymph are other connective tissues.
This question belongs to: Science Biology
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