The molecule that acts as the universal energy carrier in cells is:
A. Glucose
B. Acetyl CoA
C. NADPH
D. ATP
Answer: Option D
Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the immediate energy currency for cellular processes. Hydrolysis of its high-energy phosphate bonds releases energy. Glucose and acetyl CoA are fuels, NADPH is an electron donor for biosynthesis. ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
Explanation:
The liver converts toxic ammonia (from amino acid deamination) into less toxic urea via the urea cycle (ornithine cycle) in hepatocytes. Urea is then excreted by the kidneys. The kidneys filter urea but do not produce it. Pancreas produces enzymes/hormones, spleen filters blood.
Explanation:
Isoelectric focusing (IEF) separates proteins in a pH gradient according to their isoelectric point (pI), the pH at which a protein has no net charge and stops migrating. SDS-PAGE separates by size, Western blotting detects specific proteins after separation, PCR amplifies DNA. IEF is often used in 2D gel electrophoresis.
Explanation:
Beriberi involves neurological and cardiovascular symptoms due to thiamine deficiency, common in polished rice diets. Scurvy is vitamin C, pellagra niacin, rickets D.
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