Explanation:
Western Europe is primarily influenced by polar maritime air masses from the North Atlantic, which bring cool, moist, and changeable weather, moderated by the Gulf Stream.
Explanation:
SOI measures the difference in sea level pressure between Tahiti (Central Pacific) and Darwin (Northern Australia). Negative SOI indicates El Niño conditions.
Explanation:
The Arctic Oscillation (AO) is a large-scale climate pattern of sea level pressure differences between the Arctic and the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. It affects weather patterns across the entire Northern Hemisphere.
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