The organ that produces insulin and glucagon is the:
A. Spleen
B. Kidney
C. Liver
D. Pancreas
Answer: Option D
Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)
The endocrine islets of Langerhans in the pancreas contain alpha cells that secrete glucagon and beta cells that secrete insulin, which regulate blood glucose. The liver stores and releases glucose, the spleen filters blood, the kidneys excrete waste. The pancreas also has exocrine functions secreting digestive enzymes.
RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique used in genetic engineering to silence specific genes. In the development of nematode-resistant transgenic tobacco plants, the source of the silencing RNA was:
A.A bacterium
B.The plant's own genome
C.The nematode itself (Agrobacterium-mediated delivery of nematode genes)
Explanation:
RNAi is a cellular defense mechanism in eukaryotes that silences specific mRNA. To create nematode-resistant tobacco, scientists used Agrobacterium as a vector to introduce nematode-specific genes into the host plant. The plant then produced both sense and anti-sense RNA for these genes. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) formed triggered the RNAi pathway, degrading the nematide's mRNA when it tried to express those essential genes inside the plant roots, killing the nematode.
Explanation:
ATP synthase (Complex V) uses the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. Cytochrome oxidase is Complex IV, succinate dehydrogenase is part of the Krebs cycle and Complex II, citrate synthase is in the Krebs cycle.
Explanation:
Chaperone proteins like BiP assist in proper protein folding in the rough ER. Misfolded proteins are degraded. Golgi modifies, lysosome digests.
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