The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration is the: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Primary productivity is the rate at which autotrophs (producers) convert solar energy into chemical energy (biomass) through photosynthesis. Secondary productivity is the rate at which heterotrophs (consumers) assimilate food to create new organic matter (biomass). Decomposition is a biological process carried out by microbes, and its rate is highly dependent on environmental factors like temperature, moisture, and oxygen availability; warmer temperatures generally increase decomposition. Thus, statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Explanation:
Fleming accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928 when a mold contaminant (later identified as Penicillium notatum/now Penicillium chrysogenum) inhibited bacterial growth. This led to the first widely used antibiotic. Aspergillus species produce some toxins and acids, Saccharomyces is yeast, Agaricus bisporus is the common mushroom. Penicillin acts by disrupting bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Explanation:
Metastasis is the process by which malignant cancer cells detach from the primary tumor, travel through the blood or lymph, and establish secondary tumors in other organs. Benign tumors do not metastasize. Apoptosis is programmed cell death.