The 'Hormone Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide' (VIP) is a neuropeptide found in the central nervous system and the gut. Its primary functions in the gut include: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

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The 'Hormone Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide' (VIP) is a neuropeptide found in the central nervous system and the gut. Its primary functions in the gut include:

A. Stimulating gastric acid secretion

B. Stimulating intestinal water and electrolyte secretion, relaxing intestinal smooth muscle, and stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion

C. Inhibiting intestinal motility

D. Stimulating gall bladder contraction

Answer: Option B

Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide that acts as a neurotransmitter and a hormone. In the gastrointestinal tract, its primary functions are stimulatory and relaxant: it stimulates the secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen (acting as a secretagogue), relaxes the smooth muscle of the gut (including the lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, and gall bladder), and stimulates the pancreas to secrete a bicarbonate-rich juice. It also causes vasodilation in the gut. Excessive VIP secretion can lead to severe watery diarrhea (as in VIPoma).

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Question #1

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In the context of human diseases, 'Elephantiasis' is a chronic condition characterized by the severe swelling of limbs and genitals. It is caused by the filarial worm:

A. Taenia solium

B. Wuchereria bancrofti

C. Ascaris lumbricoides

D. Ancylostoma duodenale

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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
Elephantiasis, or lymphatic filariasis, is caused by parasitic nematode worms, primarily Wuchereria bancrofti (responsible for about 90% of cases), Wuchereria malayi, and Brugia timori. These worms are transmitted by mosquitoes (like Culex). The adult worms lodge in the lymphatic vessels, causing severe inflammation, blockage, and damage to the lymphatic system. This leads to the accumulation of lymph fluid and massive, disfiguring swelling (edema) of the limbs, genitals, and breasts, resembling an elephant's skin and legs.

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Question #2

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Consider statements about human anatomy: 1. The femur is the longest bone in the body. 2. The stapes is the smallest bone in the body. 3. The hyoid bone is attached to another bone by a joint. Which are correct?

A. 2 and 3 only

B. 1 and 2 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
The femur (thigh bone) is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human skeleton. The stapes (stirrup) is a small bone in the middle ear and is the smallest bone in the human body. The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue; it is unique because it is not articulated (jointed) with any other bone, but is suspended by muscles and ligaments. Thus, statements 1 and 2 are correct.

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Question #3

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Which of the following is a protein deficiency disease characterized by edema and an enlarged liver?

A. Scurvy

B. Kwashiorkor

C. Marasmus

D. Beriberi

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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
Kwashiorkor results from severe protein deficiency with adequate calorie intake, often seen in children after weaning. It presents with edema, pot belly, fatty liver, skin lesions, and apathy. Marasmus is due to overall calorie and protein deficiency causing wasting. Beriberi and scurvy are vitamin deficiencies.

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